21–23 January 1941
Bucharest Pogrom Begins
On 21–23 January 1941, during the Legionary rebellion against Ion Antonescu, Iron Guard members murdered more than 120 Jews in Bucharest.
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Europe
Thursday, November 5, 2026
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August 15, 1940
Eichmann Issues a Madagascar Plan Memorandum
On this day, August 15, 1940, Adolf Eichmann’s office issued a Madagascar Project memorandum calling for the forced resettlement of millions of European Jews on the island.
HolocaustAntisemitismWorld War II
Europe
July 1940
Nazis Establish the Będzin Ghetto
In July 1940, German authorities announced a ghetto for Jews in Będzin. The quarter was not sealed at once. German forces liquidated it in August 1943.
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Europe
April 30, 1940
Nazis Seal the Łódź Ghetto
On this day, April 30, 1940, German authorities sealed the Łódź ghetto. About 160,000 Jews were already confined there.
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Europe
February 8, 1940
Order Establishes the Łódź Ghetto
On this day, February 8, 1940, German authorities in Łódź ordered Jews into a ghetto. The ghetto was sealed on May 1.
HolocaustAntisemitismWorld War II
Europe
November 23, 1939
Hans Frank Orders Jews in the General Government to Wear Armbands
On this day, November 23, 1939, Hans Frank ordered Jews in the General Government over the age of ten to wear a white armband with a blue Star of David.
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Europe
October 8, 1939
Nazis Establish the Piotrków Ghetto
On this day, October 8, 1939, German authorities ordered a ghetto in Piotrków Trybunalski, the first ghetto in occupied Poland.
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Europe
September 1, 1939
Germany Invades Poland
On this day, September 1, 1939, Germany invaded Poland. Britain and France declared war on September 3.
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Europe
November 12, 1938
Göring Imposes an Atonement Fine after the November Pogrom
On this day, November 12, 1938, Hermann Göring imposed a one-billion-Reichsmark fine on German Jews after the November pogrom.
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Europe
November 9, 1938–November 10, 1938
The November Pogrom
On the night of 9–10 November 1938, Nazi leaders unleashed the November pogrom, known as Kristallnacht, across Germany, Austria, and the Sudetenland.
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Europe
after November 1938
Jewish Refugees Begin Reaching Shanghai after Kristallnacht
After November 1938, Jewish refugees from Germany and Austria began reaching Shanghai in large numbers. The movement followed Kristallnacht and is not dated as a single landing day.
HolocaustAntisemitismWorld War II
Asia
October 27, 1938
Germany Orders the Expulsion of Polish Jews
On this day, October 27, 1938, the Reich Security Main Office ordered the arrest of Jews with Polish passports. About 17,000 were expelled over the next two days.
HolocaustWorld War IIAntisemitism
Europe